AI-100% ASSURE QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS[4 MARKS]

Q1. We, human beings, can read, write and understand many languages. But computers can understand only machine language. Do you think we might face any challenges if we try to teach computers how to understand and interact in human languages? Explain.

Yes, we might face any challenges if we try to teach computers how to understand and interact in human languages. The possible difficulties are:

 1. Arrangement of the words and meaning - the computer has to identify the different parts of a speech. Also, it may be extremely difficult for a computer to understand the meaning behind the language we use.

2. Multiple Meanings of a word - same word can be used in a number of different ways which according to the context of the statement changes its meaning completely.

3. Perfect Syntax, no Meaning - Sometimes, a statement can have a perfectly correct syntax but it does not mean anything. For example, take a look at this statement:

Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks tea. This statement is correct grammatically but does this make any sense? In Human language, a perfect balance of syntax and semantics is important for better understanding.

(yes,  (arrangement of words and there meaning , multiple meaning of same word ,Perfect syntax but no meaning )

Q2. Ashwat is amazed to learn about his sister Ananya who is multi-talented and has excelled in academics, music, dancing, sports and painting. He was quite curious when Ananya told him that he too possessed all these intelligences like every human being does, but only at different levels. He wondered which intelligence she was talking about. Can you help Ashwat in learning about different types of intelligences by naming and explaining any four types of intelligences?

All humans possess 9 types of intelligence but at different levels. They are: 1. Mathematical Logical Reasoning: ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic. 2. Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills both in terms of Facilitator Handbook Unit 1 11 4 6 understanding or implementation in writing or verbally. 3. Spatial Visual Intelligence : ability to perceive the visual world and the relationship of one object to another. 4. Kinesthetic Intelligence : ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled manner. 5. Musical Intelligence : ability to recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns. 6. Intrapersonal Intelligence : Describes how high the level of self -awareness someone has is. Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings. 7. Existential Intelligence : An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and spiritual awareness. 8. Naturalist Intelligence : An additional category of intelligence relating to the ability to process information on the environment around us. 9. Interpersonal intelligence : ability to communicate with others by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person (M2 I2  EN  LSK     MUSICAL,MATHEMATICAL ,INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL, LINGUISTIC,  SPATIAL VISUAL, KINESTHETIC,     EXISTENTIAL,NATURALIST

Q3. Samarth attended a seminar on Artificial Intelligence and has now been asked to write a report on his s. Help Samarth define Artificial Intelligence, list the three domains of AI and the data that is used in these domains.

Ans.(Q3) Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn and improve on its own. With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly categorised into three domains:

1. Data sciences 2. Computer vision 3. Natural Language Processing

Data Science takes input in the form of numeric and alphanumeric data. /Computer Vision takes input in the form of images and videos. / Natural Language Processing takes input in the form of text and speech.

Q4. Neural networks are said to be modelled the way how neurons in the human brain behave. A similar system is mimicked by the AI machine to perform certain tasks. Explain how neural networks work in an AI model and mention any three features of Neural Networks.

1. It works as neurons works in human brains. 2.It can extract the information without any code or programming 3. It extracts information without any input from the user 4. Suitable for large datasets (Voice Recognition, Human face recognition)

How works neural network ?  [The top layers are input layers to fed data, hidden layers process the data, and the output layer generates output from the processed data   ]

Q5. Samiksha, a student of class X was exploring the Natural Language Processing domain. She got stuck while performing the text normalisation. Help her to normalise the text on the segmented sentences given below:   Document 1: Akash and Ajay are best friends. Document 2: Akash likes to play football but Ajay prefers to play online games.

1. Tokenisation Akash, and, Ajay, are, best, friends Akash, likes, to, play, football, but, Ajay, prefers, to, play, online, games

2. Removal of stopwords Akash, Ajay, best, friends Akash, likes, play, football, Ajay, prefers, play, online, games

3. Converting text to a common case akash, ajay, best, friends akash, likes, play, football, ajay, prefers, play, online, games

4. Stemming/Lemmatisation akash, ajay, best, friend akash, like, play, football, ajay, prefer, play, online, game

(i) TP=60, TN=10, FP=25, FN=5 60+25+5+10=100 total cases have been performed

Precision =TP/(TP+FP) =60/(60+25) =60/85 =0.7

Recall=TP/(TP+FN) =60/(60+5) =60/65 =0.92

F1 Score=2*Precision*Recall/ (Precision+Recall) =2*0.7*0.92/(0.7+0.92) =0.79

Q7. An AI model made the following sales prediction for a new mobile phone which they have recently launched:  (i) Identify the total number of wrong predictions made by the model. (ii) Calculate precision, recall and F1 Score.

Ans: (i)the total number of wrong predictions made by the model is the sum of false positive and false negative. FP+FN=40+12= 52

 (ii) Precision=TP/(TP+FP) =50/(50+40) 50/90 =0.55

    Recall=TP/(TP+FN) =50/(50+12) =50/62 =.81

   F1 Score = 2*Precision*Recall/(Precision+Recall) =2*0.55*.81/(.55+.81)    =.891/1.36 =0.65

Q8. Your grandmother watches you use AI applications. She wants to understand more about it. Help her understand the term artificial intelligence by giving the right definition and explain to her with an example how machines become artificially intelligent.

When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence. In other words, you can say that a machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it. Machines become intelligent once they are trained with some data which helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating their knowledge to optimise their output. For example, Netflix gives us recommendations on the basis of what we like. Whenever we start liking a new genre, it updates and gives better suggestions

Q9. Akhil wants to learn how to scope the problem for an AI Project. Explain him the following: (a) 4W Problem Canvas (b) Problem Statement Template

The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the problem. The 4Ws are Who, What, Where and Why ● The “Who” block helps in analysing the people getting affected directly or indirectly due to the problem. / ● The “What” block helps us to determine the nature of the problem. ●/ The “Where” block helps us to look into the situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is prominent. /● The “Why” block suggests to us the benefits which the stakeholders would get from the solution and how it will benefit them as well as the society

[ WHO- [STACK HOLDER OF THE PROBLEM]  / WHAT-NATURE OF PROBLEM / WHERE- SITUATION/LOCATION/ CONTEXT  OF PROBLEM / WHY- SOLUTION OF PROBLEM ]

[ PROBLEM FACED BY COMPUTER TO UNDERSTAND  HUMAN LANGUAGE , TYPES OF AI , DEFINE AI,  DOMAINS OF AI  , NEURAL NETWORK (DEFINE, FEACTURES,HOW WORKS,CONFUSION METRIC, CALCULATE F1 SCORE, PRECISION AND RECALL, STEPS FOR TEXT NORMALISATION, 4W PROBLEM CANVAS AND PST(PROBLEM STATEMENT TEMPLATE )

LEARNING BASED (SUPERVISED AND UNSUPERVISED LEARNING APPROACH) / CALCULATING TDIDF  / Differentiate between stemming and lemmatization/

Q10 

The learning-based approaches shown in the given figures are Supervised learning and Unsupervised learning

Figure 1: In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine is labelled. In other words, we can say that the dataset is known to the person who is training the machine only then he/she is able to label the data. A label is some information which can be used as a tag for data. Here, labelled images of dog and cat are fed into the model and trained. The model correctly identifies the given input as dog. Figure 2: An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset. This means that the data which is fed to the machine is random and there is a possibility that the person who is training the model does not have any information regarding it. The unsupervised learning models are used to identify relationships, patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps the user in understanding what the data is about and what are the major features identified by the machine in it. Here, images of a set of animals are fed into the AI model and the model clusters them based on similar features

Q11. Through a step-by-step process, calculate TFIDF for the given corpus

Document 1: Johny Johny, Yes Papa,

Document 2: Eating sugar? No Papa 

Document  3: Telling lies? No Papa

Document  4: Open your mouth, Ha! Ha! Ha!

1.  Create document vectors for the given documents (Term Frequency Table)

2.   Record the occurrence of word in the document using term frequency table (Document Frequency Table)

3.  Draw the inverse document frequency(IDF) table wherein, we need to put the document frequency in the denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator.  Here, the total number of documents are 4, hence inverse document frequency becomes:

4.  The formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes: TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log (IDF(W))

[ Prepare Term Frequency Table  , then Document Frequency table, then Prepare IDF(inverse document frequency ) table, calculate TFIDF( TF* LOG(IDF) 

Step 1 (Document Vectors for the the Given Documents) or TF Table 

Step-2(Document Frequency(DF) Table)

Step-4  TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log (IDF(W))

Q13. The world is competitive nowadays. People face competition in even the tiniest tasks and are expected to give their best at every point in time. When people are unable to meet these expectations, they get stressed and could even go into depression. We get to hear a lot of cases where people are depressed due to reasons like peer pressure, studies, family issues, relationships, etc. and they eventually get into something that is bad for them as well as for others. So, to overcome this, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is considered to be one of the best methods to address stress as it is easy to implement on people and also gives good results. This therapy includes understanding the behaviour and mindset of a person in their normal life. With the help of CBT, therapists help people overcome their stress and live a happy life. For the situation given above, 1. Write the problem statement template 2. List any two sources from which data can be collected. 3. How do we explore the data?

Q14. Imagine that you have come up with an AI based prediction model which has been deployed on the roads to check traffic jams. Now, the objective of the model is to predict whether there will be a traffic jam or not. Now, to understand the efficiency of this model, we need to check if the predictions which it makes are correct or not. Thus, there exist two conditions which we need to ponder upon: Prediction and Reality. Traffic Jams have become a common part of our lives nowadays. Living in an urban area means you have to face traffic each and every time you get out on the road. Mostly, school students opt for buses to go to school. Many times, the bus gets late due to such jams and the students are not able to reach their school on time. Considering all the possible situations make a Confusion Matrix for the above situation.

Q15. Write the applications of NLP (Natural Language Processing). (Any four)

Ans: 1. Automatic Summarization: Automatic summarization is relevant not only for summarizing the meaning of documents and information, but also to understand the emotional meanings within the information, such as in collecting data from social media. 2. Sentiment Analysis: The goal of sentiment analysis is to identify sentiment among several posts or even in the same post where emotion is not always explicitly expressed. 3. Text classification : Text classification makes it possible to assign predefined categories to a document and organize it to help you find the information you need or simplify some activities.     4. Virtual Assistants: With the help of speech recognition, these assistants can not only detect our speech but can also make sense out of it.    [SS-TV]

Q16 . Differentiate between stemming and lemmatization. Explain with the help of an example.

 Ans: Stemming is the process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are converted to their base form. In lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as lemma) is a meaningful one.

Lemmatization makes sure that lemma is a word with meaning and hence it takes a longer time to execute than stemming. The difference between the stemming and lemmatization can be depicted by the following example:

Q17. Create a 4W Project Canvas for the following. As more and more new technologies get into play, risks will get more concentrated into a common network. Cybersecurity becomes extremely complicated in such scenarios and goes beyond the control of firewalls. It will not be able to detect unusual activity and patterns including the movement of data. Think how AI algorithms can scrape through vast amounts of logs to identify susceptible user behaviour. Use an AI project cycle to clearly identify the scope, how you will collect data, model and evaluation parameters.

2 marks questions

Q1.  Difference between script-bot and smart bot

Q2. Classification and regression 

[ Both are supervised learning approach / Classification works on discrete data set such as Grade, Male or Female , True or False,/ Regression Model works on continuous data such as salary, price, income, age etc.]

Q. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AI AND NOT AI  [ AI trainned with data and algorithm, learn from mistake and expereince, analyse the situation and take desicion,

Q3. List any 4 activities that help in stress management. [Positive Thinking,·  Physical Exercise,·  Yoga,·  Meditation,·  Nature Walks,·  Vacations,·  Laughing aloud,·  Listening to good music·]

Q4 Name any 4 qualities of an entrepreneur.[ Hard working,  Optimistic,·  Independent,·  Energetic,·  Self-confident,·  Perseverant· Leadership ,Idea creator –responsible-patient-decision maker-]

Q5. Name the four main categories of Communication Styles. [Ans: Verbal, Non - Verbal, Written and Visual]

Q6. Name any 2 applications of Natural Language Processing which are used in the real-life scenario.  [Ans: Automatic Summarization,·  Sentiment Analysis,·  Text classification,·  Virtual Assistants·]

Q7. What are antivirus? Name any 2 antiviruses.[  Ans:  Antivirus software is a program designed to detect and remove  malicious programs(virus) from the computer.  Examples:  Microsoft Security essentials, Microsoft Defender, McAfee Virus Scan, Norton AntiVirus, Quick Heal.

Q8. Name any 4 man-made disruptions that cause ecological imbalance. [Ans. Deforestation,  Degradation of Land and Soil Erosion,·  Overexploitation of Resources,·  Industrial and Atmospheric Pollution,·  Faulty Mining Practices,·  E waste generation·]

Q9. List two best practices for effective communication. [Ans 1. Use simple language 2. Be respectful of others’ opinions 3. Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography 4. Try to communicate in person as much as possible 5. Use visuals 6. Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language]

Q10. How is society helping entrepreneurs in their business? [ Ans : Society is helping entrepreneurs by 1. Creating needs 2. Providing raw material 3. buying/selling of items 4. making money]

Q11. Write down the steps to implement bag of words algorithm.[ Ans:: 1. Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it 2. Create Dictionary: Make a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus. (Vocabulary) 3. Create document vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out how many times the word from the unique list of words has occurred. 4. Create document vectors for all the documents.]

Q12. What is a confusion matrix? What is it used for? [Ans: The confusion matrix is used to store the results of comparison between the prediction and reality. From the confusion matrix, we can calculate parameters like recall, precision ,F1 score which are used to evaluate the performance of an AI model.]

Q13. Explain from the given graph, how the value and occurrence of a word are related in a corpus?

Ans: As shown in the graph, occurrence and value of a word are inversely proportional. The words which occur most (like stop words) have negligible value. As the occurrence of words drops, the value of such words rises. These words are termed as rare or valuable words. These words occur the least but add the most value to the corpus

Q14 Write any two applications of TFIDF [ Ans: 1. Document Classification: Helps in classifying the type and genre of a document. 2. Topic Modelling It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus. 3. Information Retrieval System To extract the important information out of a corpus. 4. Stop word filtering Helps in removing the unnecessary words out of a text body.]      [Classification, Topic modelling, stop word filtering, information retrieval system ]  [ISTC]

Q15. Give an example of a situation wherein false positive would have a high cost associated with it. [ Ans: Let us consider a model that predicts that a mail is spam or not. If the model always predicts that the mail is spam, people would not look at it and eventually might lose important information. Here False Positive condition (Predicting the mail as spam while the mail is not spam) would have a high cost.]

Q16. “Entrepreneurs are born, not made.” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. [ Ans: No, this is a myth/misconception about entrepreneurship. Being an entrepreneur starts with a way of thinking. One must believe that anything is possible and it shall be achieved. It starts with thinking of an idea that you want to work on, making it different ]

Q17. Enlist any 2 SDGs which are formulated to address the problems related to water? [Ans: Clean water and sanitation Life below water Responsible consumption, and production ]

Q18. What is sustainable development?  [ Ans: Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being ]

Q19. “The Trojan Horse was a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks during the Trojan War to enter the city of Troy and win the war”. What does Trojan horse mean in computer terminology? [Ans : A Trojan Horse is a type of malware which disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software program but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroys data]

Q20. What is the importance of setting goals in life? [Ans: 1. The process of goal setting in your life helps you decide on how to live your life, where you want to be, and how you want to be in the future. 2. It helps you to focus on the end result instead of less important work. 3. This will make you successful in your career and personal life.]

Q21. Mention any two human activities that lead to environmental degradation.[Ans: 1. Use of fertilisers, pesticides,etc for increasing the production of crops. 2. Cutting down of forests for personal use such as construction of buildings, factories etc]

Q22. Sirisha and Divisha want to make a model which will organize the unlabeled input data into groups based on features. Which learning model should they use and why?

[Ans: Clustering model/Unsupervised learning is used to organize the unlabeled input data into groups based on features. Clustering is an unsupervised learning algorithm which can cluster unknown data according to the patterns or trends identified out of it. The patterns observed might be the ones which are known to the developer or it might even come up with some unique patterns out of it.

Q23 Ajay wants to access data from various sources. Suggest him any two points that he needs to keep in mind while accessing data from any data source. [While accessing data from any of the data sources, following points should be kept in mind: 1. Data which is available for public usage only should be taken up. 2. Personal datasets should only be used with the consent of the owner. 3. One should never breach someone’s privacy to collect data. 4. Data should only be taken from reliable sources as the data collected from random sources can be wrong or unusable. 5. Reliable sources of data ensure the authenticity of data which helps in the proper training of the AI model. 6. Data should be relevant to the problem.]

Q24. All of us use smartphones. When we install a new app, it asks us for several permissions to access our phone’s data in different ways. Why do apps collect such data? [1. To provide customized notifications and recommendations. 2. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of the app.]

Q25. Identify any two stop words which should not be removed from the given sentence and why? Get help and support whether you're shopping now or need help with a past purchase. Contact us at abc@pwershel.com or on our website www.pwershel.com

Stopwords in the given sentence which should not be removed are: @, . (fullstop) ,_(underscore) , 123(numbers) These tokens are generally considered as stopwords, but in the above sentence, these tokens are part of email id. removing these tokens may lead to invalid website address and email ID. So these words should not be removed from the above sentence.

Q25 Explain the term resolution with an example [Ans: Resolution of an image refers to the number of pixels in an image, across the width and height. For example a monitor resolution of 1280×1024. This means there are 1280 pixels from one side to the other, and 1024 from top to bottom]

Q26. What AI IS NOT? [Ans: AI is not just automation/No emotions / Not magic it is math and algorithm]

Q27. Machine Learning (ML) ? It is a subset of AI which enables machines to improve at tasks with experience (data).

Q28. What is Big Data? [Ans  huge amounts of data, which is regularly growing at an exponential rate for e.g data of social media (post, pictures, responses, users etc.). Big data cannot be handled without AI]

Q29What is a corpus? Ans: The term used to describe the whole textual data from all the documents altogether is known as corpus

Q30. How many tokens are there in the sentence given below? Traffic Jams have become a common part of our lives nowadays. Living in an urban area means you have to face traffic each and every time you get out on the road. Mostly, school students opt for buses to go to school.  Ans: 46 tokens are there in the given sentence

Q31. What should be the value of F1 score if the model needs to have 100% accuracy?. Ans: The model will have an F1 score of 1 if it has to be 100% accurate.

Q32How many sustainable development goals were formulated by the United Nations? Ans: There are 17 sustainable development goals formulated by the United Nations.

Q33  Identify any 2 stopwords in the given sentence:  Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.The three types of pollution are air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. Ans: Stop words in the given sentence are: is, the, of, that, into, are, and

Q34 What will be the output of the word “studies” if we do the following: a. Lemmatization b. Stemming Ans: The output of the word after lemmatization will be study. The output of the word after stemming will be studi

Q35. When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file. This is known as  [Ans Hover]

Q36. Remya traveled to Sweden from India to pursue her higher education. But she doesn't know how to speak Swedish (language of Sweden). Because of this, she was unable to find a part time job. This is an example of  [Linguistic barrier]

Q37What is Machine Learning (ML)?  It is a subset of AI which enables machines to improve at tasks with experience (data).

Q38 What is Deep Learning (DL) ? It is the most advanced form of AI out of these three. It uses artificial neural networks to mimic the learning process of the human brain. It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. 

Q39. What is Syntax and Semantics ? : Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a sentence./Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.

Q40 What is Term frequency ?  frequency of a word in one document. found from the document vector table as in that

Q41. What is Document vector table ? table where mention the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in each document.

Q42. What is NLTK ?Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). NLTK is one of the leading platforms for building Python programs that can work with human language data.

Q43.Artificial Intelligence is a technology which completely depends on…[data]

Q44. Name the type of  Data Formats  required for data collection ?

CSV(comma separated values), Excel Spreadsheet, SQL(Structured Query Language.): XML: (e-Xtensible markup language),JSON(javascript object notation), XLSX: A file is a MS Open XML format spreadsheet

Q44. What is Decision making? [Ans: Process of picking up a final choice from a set of  available choices after assessment

Q45. What is PIXEL?  The word “pixel” means a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that make up a picture

Q46. What is RGB  images? [RGB Images All the colored images made up of three primary colors Red, Green and Blue called RGB images] [ black and white images are called Grayscale images]

Q47.  What is KNN ?  Ans [ K-Nearest Neighbour Model/algorithm] Mostly it is used for the Classification problems. / K-NN algorithm stores all the available data and classifies a new data point based on the similarity/The data-point is classified on the basis of its k Nearest Neighbors

Q47 Difference between training data and testing data ? [Training data used for train for AI Model. It is 80% of total data. Testing data used for testing the AI Model. It is 20% of total data.]

Q48. What is Survey?  [ method of collecting specific information from a sample of people. for Example a census survey is conducted every year for analyzing the population. ]

Q49. What is  Web Scraping ? [Web Scraping means collecting data from web using some technologies.]

Q50. What is data exploration ? [  display and detect unique patterns and trades in data using various techniques such as google chart, fusion charts, high charts etc. ]

Q51 what is clustering ?[refers to the unsupervised learning technique that can cluster the unknown data according to patterns or trends found in it. ]

Q52 What is  the use of neural network ? [Voice Recognition ,Character Recognition , ,Signature Verification Applications, Human face recognition ]

Q53. How does the neural network work? [ The top layers are input layers to fed data, hidden layers process the data, and the output layer generates output from the processed data ]

Q54. What are the goals of sustainable development? [17 goals announced by the UN,to be achieved by the end of 2030 –No Poverty , Zero Hunger,,Good Health and Well-being,Quality Education,Gender Equality,Clean Water and Sanitation etc.]

Q55. What is neural network? [ The neural network is a model that works as neurons works in human brains. It is also known as ANN (Artificial Neural  Networks) ]

Q56. Different type of supervised learning ? [Classification and regression]

Q57. What are the application of Data science ? [Fraud and Risk Detection, Internet Search, Targeted Advertising, Website Recommendations, Airline Route Planning, Genetics & Genomics]

Q58. In KBB algorithm the data-point is classified on the basis of its……….[  k Nearest Neighbors]

Q59. What are the application of computer vision ? [Face recognition, Face filters, Google search by image]

Q60.What is OpenCV ?[ Open Source Computer Vision Library is that tool which helps a computer to process images and videos to identify objects, faces, or even handwriting.

Q61. What is Sentiment Analysis? [Sentiment analysis is a NLP technique used to determine whether data is positive, negative or neutral]

Q62 what is text classification ? [ It is known as text tagging or text categorization is the process of categorizing  unstructured text into organized groups. By using NLP, text classifiers can automatically analyze text and then assign a set of pre-defined tags or categories based on its content.for example art,culture, business or Entertainment ]

Q63. Given some example of Virtual Assistants(Smart Assistants) ? [Google Assistant, Microsoft's Cortana, Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa]

Q64. What is text normalization? [The text normalization divide the text into smaller components called tokens(words).Aim of text normalization is to convert text to a standard form ]

Q67. What are the steps for text normalization? [1. Sentence segmentation: The whole text is divided into individual sentences 2. Tokenization: Each sentence is further divided into tokens 3.Removing stop words, special characters and numbers: 4. Stemming: is a technique used to extract the base form of the words by removing affixes from them. It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to its stems. For example, the stem of the words eating, eats, eaten is eaten.

E.g Crying-> Cry, smiling->smili, caring ->car , smiles->smile 5. Lemmatization The process of converting a word to its actual root form linguistically (as per language). The words extracted through lemmatization are called lemmas

6. Case normalisation: Convert the all the words in same case(lower case) ]

Q68. What is stop word ?  [ THE WORDS IN ANY LANGUAGE WHICH DO NOT ADD MUCH MEANING TO A SENTENCE. THEY CAN SAFELY BE IGNORED WITHOUT SACRIFICING MEANING OF SENTENCE. e.g is,are,a,an,so etc.]

Q69. What is Bag of words (BoW)? :  It is a statistical language model used to analyse text and documents based on word count. It is a representation of text that describe the occurrence of words within a document. A Bag of words contains two things (1) A vocabulary of known words (2) Frequency of words 

Q70. Smart method to set goal? [SMART means Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound.]

Q71Self reliance means [ ability to work independently]

Q72. Self awareness means ? [having an understanding of your own thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, and actions. It means that you understand who you are, what you want, how you feel, and why you do the things that you do]

Q73. What is self discipline ? [The ability of an individual to have an inner urge to do something, achieve their goals without any external pressure is called self discipline]

Q74.Write four Misconceptions about Entrepreneurship. [ Ans. a) Every business idea needs to be unique or special. b) A person needs a lot of money to start a business. c) A person having a big business is an entrepreneur. d) Entrepreneurs are born, not made.]

Q75 Four functions of an Entrepreneur ?[. Ans.1 Making Decisions. 2. Managing the Business. 3. Taking Risk. 4. Create new method, Idea or Product]

Q76 keys in keyboard  Function Keys Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. /Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB, are special control keys that perform special functions /Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are navigation keys. /Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command keys. 

Q77. Using a Mouse : 

Point and Click When you click a particular file, it gets selected /Roll Over or Hover Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item. When you bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file/Drag and Drop To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down, move the item to a new location. After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse button. This is called drag and drop. Double-click Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we double click on a file, it will open the file /

Q78Protecting your Data : [ Use passwords to login to your computer: Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Encrypt Data:  Visit only Secure sites]

Q79Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices:  1. keep the screen, keyboard and mouse clean.(First we should not eat anything over a keyboard.You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush. Avoid eating and keeping glasses of water or cups of coffee near a computer  ) 2. Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging it against a hard surface. Even a short fall can damage the screen or the hard disk and make the device useless. 3.Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated, the internal parts can be damaged. 4.Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for charging even after it is fully charged. If we leave the device plugged in for a long time  5.Do not run too many programs at a time.the computer can become slow and even crash. 

Q80. Operating System: interface between user and computer/ Functions: file and folder management, device management, memory management, process management /Mobile OS:✓ Android ✓ Symbian ✓ Windows Phone✓ iOS /Computer OS:Linux: Free and Open Source OS ,Windows: Developed by Microsoft , BOSS(Bharat Operating System Solutions), Solaris: Free Unix based Operating system /

ICT  [ stands for Information and CommunicationTechnology. ICT refers to all the methods, tools,concepts related to storing, recording and sending digital information. ]

BIOS A computer automatically runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on or the power button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System 

A login and password is like a key to the lock which allows you to use the computer. 

 Recycle bin: Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin. /File: that contains information  in form of text /Folder is a location in computer hardisk: where you can store files and other folders/Start button It is located on the left of the taskbar. Clicking the Start button opens the Start menu and provides access to programs and features/Shut Down:- allows the user to turn off the computer / Control panel: - This allows the user to change various settings of computer/ Search Box: - This allows the user to search a file or a folder / Regular maintenance of the system includes: /CTRL+z — undo  CTRL+y — redo CTRL+a — select all CTRL+x — cut  CTRL+c — copy CTRL+v — paste CTRL+p — print CTRL+s — save / 

Self Management Skill

Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’ is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour effectively in different situations. This also includes motivating oneself, and setting goals. 

Stress :our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived demands or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. / Stressors are the reason for stress   /Types : Good stress: limited quantity of stress that helps one to keep focused and motivated to do somethign.  Bed stress: that is ongoing not lower down.It is also called distress or chronic stress. / Effects of bed stress: irritation, depression, health problem / Feel good chemicals: Dopamine, Endorphins, Serotonins / stress harmons: Cartisol ,adrenaline  Stress causal agents : physical, mental, social, finanacial /ABC of stress management A: Adversity or the stressful event.  B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event /C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event  /Stress management can help you to:  •   have a joyful life.  •   focus and complete tasks on time. • be a happy person as you are stress free.  • be more energetic and spend quality time with your friends and family.  /Three Steps to Manage Stress Step 1: Be aware that you are stressed/Step 2: Identify what is causing you stress  Step 3:   Apply stress  management  methods  /  Management Techniques : Time management,  Physical excercise,  healthy diet,  positivity,   yoga , meditation,Going On Vacations with Family and Friends ,Taking nature walks ,Enjoying, sound sleep / 

Self-Reliance - Ability to Work Independently :Enhancing Ability to Work Independently :self awareness, self motivation and self regulation/ ability to work independently means ?  becoming self-aware, self-monitoring andself-correcting.2. knowing what you need to do. 3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.  4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others. 5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence: Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and  manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions  of others. / It involve three skills ? 1. Emotional awareness 2. Harnessing emotions 3. Managing emotions

Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are 1. Understand your emotions: 2. Rationalise  3. Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keepyourself calm.

Self-awarenes : Knowing Yourself Understanding who you are, what you like or dislike, what are your beliefs, what are your opinions, what is your background , your values/ Interests Things that you like to do in your free time that make you happy /Abilities :An acquired or natural capacity 

Self-Motivation :It is a life skill. It is an inner urge to do something, achieve their goals without any external pressure/lure for award or appreciation. 

Types of Motivation:

 Internal Motivation: LOVE We do things because they make us happy, healthy and feel good. For example, when you perform on your annual day function and you learn something new, such as dancing, singing, etc., you feel good.

External Motivation: REWARD We do things because they give us respect, recognition and appreciation. For example, Suresh participated in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him to go for practice every morning. 

Qualities of Self-motivated People : Know what they want from life , Are focussed , Know what is important ,Are dedicated to fulfill their dreams 

Four steps for building self-motivation : Find out your strengths ,Set and focus on your goals ,Develop a plan to achieve your goals ,Stay loyal to your goals 

 Goal Setting :Goal setting is a very essential factor in your personal life. The process of goal setting in your life helps you decide on how to live your life, where you want to be, and how you want to be in the future. 

Goals:They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving pocket money to buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date. 

Goal setting:It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on how to achieve them. 

 SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for: •Specific: Measureable: Achievable : Realistic: Time bound: 

Four Steps for Effective Time Management :Organise ,Pritortise ,Control ,Track

What is Decision making: [Process of picking up a final choice from a set of  available choices after assessment / We can’t make “good” decisions without information ]

What is Accuracy rate ?  [  Percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations.

 (CORRECT PREDICTION/TOTAL CASES) * 100  OR  (TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN) *100

What is  Precision rate ?  (True positive out of all positive)

It is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all     the cases where the prediction is true   (TRUE POSITIVE/ALL PREDICTED POSITIVE) * 100   OR  (TP)/(TP+FP)  * 100

What is Recall: (rate of correct positive predictions))

It can be defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified. RECALL=(TP/TP+FN)*100

Decision making ,  SMART method of goal setting ,  self motivation,  Four steps for building self-motivation ,  Type of motivation ,

Communication Skills